Citizenship

Canadian Citizenship

All new immigrants with Canadian citizenship in mind will want to be well-versed in the eligibility conditions they will be required to meet in order to receive a grant of citizenship. Residency requirements must be observed, knowledge of English and/or French must be proven, and an understanding of the rights, responsibilities and privileges of Canadian citizenship demonstrated.

There is also a new pathway that was brought into force on 15 December 2025: Citizenship by Descent, or deemed Citizenship status.  Click here to read a full article on Citizenship by Descent.

Permanent Resident Status

To be eligible for citizenship, individuals must be permanent residents of Canada and must have fulfilled the residency obligations necessary to maintain their permanent resident status. Permanent residents are permitted to live outside of Canada, but must reside in Canada for at least two years (or 730 days) within every five year period in order to maintain their status. Some limited exceptions to this 2 out of 5 rule apply. To learn more about maintaining permanent residence status, please visit our page on Permanent Residence Cards.

Time Living in Canada

Current residency amendments require applicants to be physically present in Canada for four years (or 1,460 days) within the six year period prior to the date of the application. Time spent in Canada will be calculated in the following way:

• Only time spent in Canada as a permanent resident counts toward the residency period (ie: time spent as a non-PR no longer counts for a half day);
• Only the 6 years preceding the date of the application are taken into account;
• The applicant must be physically present in Canada for at least 1,460 days within the 6 years immediately preceding the date of the application;
• The applicant must be physically present in Canada for at least 183 days during each of four (4) calendar years that are fully or partially within the applicable 6 year period.

Language Ability

To be eligible for citizenship you must be able to demonstrate adequate knowledge of one of Canada’s official languages – English or French. Adequate knowledge includes the ability to engage in and follow simple conversations and to express oneself with simple language and basic grammar. If between the ages of 18 to 55, the applicant will be required to submit proof of language ability with the application. Types of proof accepted include official language test results from a third-party agency (ex: CELPIP, IELTS, TEFAQ), evidencing attainment of CLB level 4 in speaking and listening, proof of completed secondary or post-secondary studies conducted in the English or French language, or proof of attaining CLB level 4 in speaking and listening in an eligible government-funded language program.

Citizenship by Descent (New!)

On December 15, 2025, Bill C-3 received Royal Assent and fundamentally changed Canada’s citizenship by descent rules by eliminating the former first-generation limit. There is no longer a generational cap on citizenship by descent. If you can trace your lineage to one original Canadian citizen — including someone born or naturalized in Canada in the early 1900s — you and your descendants may be eligible to obtain proof of Canadian citizenship, provided you can establish a clear and documented line of descent.

Under the amended Citizenship Act, eligibility now turns on documentary evidence rather than generational distance. Applicants must provide probative documentation establishing each link in the chain of descent (such as birth certificates, marriage records, and proof of the original Canadian ancestor’s status). Where the lineage is properly documented, citizenship by descent can be recognized regardless of how many generations have been born abroad. This change significantly expands access to Canadian citizenship for families with historic Canadian roots. Click here to read a full article on Citizenship by Descent.

Knowledge of Canada

Canadian citizenship affords various rights, responsibilities and privileges that applicants must know and understand. Citizenship and Immigration Canada forwards a free study guide upon receipt of a citizenship application that provides the information needed to prepare for a citizenship test. The test may be written or oral, and you will be afforded more than one chance to pass.

Application Procedure

Once an application has been accepted for processing, CIC will send a notice confirming the application has been received. If required, a notice may be sent requesting attendance at an interview with an officer, where among other things, your language ability can be observed. In addition, CIC will send a copy of the free study guide so that applicants can begin preparing for the citizenship test. The final step, if all eligibility requirements are met will be attendance at a citizenship ceremony, where the long road to citizenship finally comes to an end!